Oakland Ca

Sited at both a major rail terminus and an important sea port, Oakland was a natural location for food processing plants whose preserved products fed domestic, foreign and military consumers. Aside from restrictive covenants pertaining to some Oakland hills properties, Jim Crow laws mandating racial segregation did not exist in California, and relations between the races were mostly harmonious.

These immigrants from the Jim Crow South brought their racial attitudes with them, and the racial harmony that Oakland blacks had been accustomed to prior to the war evaporated. The new immigrants prospered, though they were affected by rising racial discrimination and informal postwar neighborhood redlining.

The newly arrived poor Southern whites tended to move to Alameda, San Leandro and Hayward. Between 1950 and 1960, approximately 100,000 white property owners moved out of Oakland—part of a nationwide phenomenon called white flight..
By the end of World War II, blacks constituted approximately 12% of Oakland's population, and the years following the war saw this percentage rise along with an increase in racial tensions. Starting in the 1950s, the Oakland Police Department began recruiting officers from the South to deal with the expanding black population and changing racial attitudes; many were openly racist, and their repressive police tactics exacerbated racial tensions.
Oakland was the center of a general strike during the first week of December, 1946, one of six cities across the county which experienced a general strike in the first few years after World War II. Also in this era, the seedy, rundown area at the foot of Broadway was transformed into Jack London Square.
Despite this progress and development, by the late 1950s, Oakland, which had been racially harmonious and quite prosperous before the war, found itself with a population that was increasingly poor and racially divided.
1960s and 1970s
During the 1960s the city was home to an innovative funk music scene which produced well-known bands like Sly & the Family Stone, Graham Central Station, Tower of Power, Cold Blood, and The Headhunters.

Larry Graham, the bass player for both Sly & the Family Stone and Graham Central Station, is credited with the creation of the influential slap and pop sound still widely used by bassists in many musical idioms today.
By 1966 only 16 of the city's 661 police officers were black. Killings of young black boys in Harlem and San Francisco added fuel to the fire.

In this charged atmosphere, the Black Panther Party was founded by Merritt College students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale as a response to police brutality.
It was also during the 1960s when the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club's Oakland Chapter, began to grow into a formidable organization. Both received life sentences, though one would be acquitted after an appeal and a retrial seven years later.

The SLA, led by the self-named "Cinque", went on to kidnap newspaper heiress Patty Hearst from her Berkeley apartment the following year.
In sports, the Oakland Athletics MLB club won three World Series in a row (1972, 1973, and 1974); the Golden State Warriors won the 1974–1975 NBA championship; and the Oakland Raiders of the NFL won Super Bowl XI in 1977.
1980s and 1990s
Starting in the early 1980s, the number of Latinos, mostly of Mexican origin, began to increase significantly in Oakland, especially in the Fruitvale district. Poverty increased, and by the end of the 1980s, more than 20% of Oakland's population was on welfare.
In the late 1980s and 1990s, Oakland featured prominently in rap music, both as the hometown for such artists as MC Hammer, Digital Underground, Hieroglyphics (including Souls of Mischief and Del tha Funkee Homosapien), The Luniz and Too Short.

Tupac Shakur, who grew up in New York City and Baltimore and later moved to Oakland, lived there for 5 years, longer than in any other city. Outside of the rap genre, Grammy award winning artists such as En Vogue, Tony! Toni! Tone!, and Billie Joe Armstrong of the trio Green Day also emerged from Oakland.
The Loma Prieta earthquake occurred on October 17, 1989, in the greater San Francisco Bay Area, its surface wave measuring 7.1 on the Richter magnitude scale. The eastern span of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge also sustained significant damage and was closed to traffic for one month.

However, as a result of opposition from businesses, and residents' strong opposition regarding another proposed site closer to a future rapid transit station, plans for Fremont ceased in February, 2009.
In 2001, the Oakland Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church proposed a replacement for the St. Coalition of Advocates for Lake Merritt (CALM), an Oakland group, proposed an alternative plan involving a remake of the 12th Street Dam, halving the number of traffic lanes.The building houses Parks and Recreation offices and storage.

Joaquin Miller Park
Joseph Knowland State Arboretum and Park, home of the Oakland Zoo
Lake Merritt
Morcom Rose Garden best from July through October
William Joseph McInnes Botanic Garden and Campus Arboretum, located on the Mills College campus
Additionally, the following seven East Bay Regional Parks are located entirely or partially in the city of Oakland:
Anthony Chabot Regional Park
Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve
Leona Canyon Regional Open Space Preserve
Redwood Regional Park
Robert Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
Roberts Regional Recreation Area
Temescal Regional Park

Biology and ecology
The land that Oakland covers was once a mosaic of coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. There are also numerous small high schools within Castlemont Community of Small Schools, Fremont Federation of High Schools, and McClymonds Educational Complex, all of which were once single, larger public high schools (Castlemont High School, Fremont High School, and McClymonds High School, respectively).
There are 25 public charter schools with 5,887 students which operate outside the domain of OUSD.

Lionel Wilson College Prep Academy and Oakland Unity High School have been certified by the California Charter Schools Association. Other charter schools include the Oakland Military Institute, Oakland School for the Arts, Bay Area Technology School, and Oakland Charter Academy.
There are several private high schools. Northern Light School is a private nonprofit elementary and middle school.
Colleges and universities
Accredited colleges and universities include:
Peralta Community College District
Laney College
Merritt College

California College of the Arts (formerly the California College of Arts and Crafts)
Holy Names University (formerly Holy Names College)
Lincoln University
Mills College
Patten University
Samuel Merritt College (a health science college)
The University of California, Berkeley campus is located partially within the Oakland city limits.
Oakland is also the home of the headquarters of the University of California system, the University of California Office of the President.

In 2001, the SFSU Oakland Multimedia Center was opened, allowing San Francisco State University to conduct classes near downtown Oakland.
The Oakland Higher Education Consortium and the City of Oakland's Community and Economic Development Agency (CEDA) opened the Oakland Higher Education Center downtown in 2002 in order to provide "access to multiple higher education service providers within a shared urban facility".

Southwest Airlines has a large presence at the airport and has been flying there since 1989. Amtrak's California Zephyr has its western terminus at Emeryville, CA station.
The Alameda / Oakland Ferry operates ferry service from Jack London Square to Alameda, San Francisco, and Angel Island.
Oakland licenses taxi-cabs, and has zoned cab stands in its downtown.

One of the earlier limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks.